Tor miller 2017 full#

The phagophore expands to form a double-membrane vesicle called an autophagosome, while engulfing cellular components to be degraded. When autophagy is activated, a double-membrane cup-shaped structure named a phagophore is formed. In plants, autophagy functions in the response to both abiotic and biotic stress, and is induced during senescence and nutrient deficiency ( Doelling et al., 2002 Hanaoka et al., 2002), salt and drought stresses ( Liu et al., 2009), oxidative stress ( Xiong et al., 2007b), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress ( Liu et al., 2012), and pathogen infection ( Liu et al., 2005). Autophagy is active at a low basal level even under normal conditions, and numerous human diseases are linked to autophagy defects, including cancer and various neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Alzheimer’s diseases ( Cai et al., 2016 Davidson and Vander Heiden, 2017). One such mechanism is autophagy, a major pathway for degradation and recycling of cytoplasmic materials in all eukaryotes ( Liu and Bassham, 2012 Yang and Bassham, 2015). Plants have evolved many response mechanisms to adapt to various growth conditions, including abiotic stresses. We conclude that repression of auxin-regulated TOR activity is required for autophagy activation in response to a subset of abiotic stress conditions. NAA treatment was unable to block autophagy induced by a TOR inhibitor or by a mutation in the TOR complex component RAPTOR1B, indicating that auxin is upstream of TOR in the regulation of autophagy. Consistent with the effect of TOR overexpression, the addition of the auxin NAA inhibited autophagy during nutrient deficiency, salt and osmotic stress, but not during oxidative or ER stress. To confirm the existence of two pathways for activation of autophagy, dependent on the stress conditions, auxin was added exogenously to activate TOR, and the effect on autophagy under different conditions was assessed. The plant hormone auxin has been shown previously to up-regulate TOR activity. In contrast, TOR overexpression had no effect on autophagy induced by oxidative stress or ER stress, suggesting that activation of autophagy by these conditions is independent of TOR function. Overexpression of TOR inhibited autophagy activation by nutrient starvation, salt and osmotic stress, indicating that activation of autophagy under these conditions requires down-regulation of TOR activity. Here, we assess the extent to which TOR controls autophagy activation by abiotic stress. Down-regulation of TOR in Arabidopsis thaliana leads to constitutive autophagy and to decreased growth, but the relationship to stress conditions is unclear. Autophagy is repressed by the protein kinase target of rapamycin (TOR), which is activated in response to nutrients and in turn upregulates cell growth and translation and inhibits autophagy. It is upregulated under a wide range of abiotic stress conditions and is important for stress tolerance. 4Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United StatesĪutophagy is a critical process for recycling of cytoplasmic materials during environmental stress, senescence and cellular remodeling.3College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.2Interdepartmental Genetics Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.1Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.Victoria Silverwolf thinks that Hallowe’en should always be spelled with an apostrophe.Yunting Pu 1,2, Xinjuan Luo 1,3 and Diane C. Readers should be aware that this powerful story contains some strong sexual content.

The speculative element, although dramatic and thought provoking, serves as a background for a tale of love, jealousy, addiction, and betrayal. Nanotechology creates a polymer that users can transform into almost any shape, leading to unforeseen consequences. “The Future of Hunger in the Age of Programmable Matter” by Sam J. This story combines a modern narrative style with classic themes of horror.

Tor miller 2017 full#

Displayed in full light, the result is apocalyptic. His paintings have a strange, powerful effect on the viewer even when observed in partial light. She accepts an offer to pose for a painter who claims to see what lies beyond the surface.

The narrator of “Crispin’s Model” by Max Gladstone is an aspiring playwright who works as an artist’s model to support herself. Two very different stories set in New York City appear in the electronic pages of Tor.com this month.